CCS Archive - ECO2Fuel

Brussels, 27 August 2025 – European policy is playing a vital role in accelerating the adoption of Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) technologies, an innovative approach that transforms carbon dioxide emissions into valuable resources such as fuels, chemicals, and construction materials. This technology not only contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions but also promotes new economic opportunities across Europe.

CCU is based on the principle of capturing carbon dioxide and reusing it in various forms, such as e-fuels. These are created by combining captured CO₂ with renewable hydrogen produced from renewable electricity. Such e-fuels serve as drop-in replacements for conventional fossil fuels, suitable for industrial installations, aviation, and maritime transport. The ECO2Fuel project, funded by the European Union, is pioneering this approach by developing a 1 MW lowtemperature electrolyser capable of converting captured CO₂ directly into sustainable liquid fuels using renewable electricity and water. By demonstrating this technology at industrial scale, the project aims to make e-fuels a viable and accessible solution for decarbonising Europe’s most polluting sectors.

In a recent conversation with ECO2Fuel, Tudy Bernier, Policy Director at CO₂ Value Europe, underlined the strategic role CCU can play in the European Green Deal: “CCU will not be the only solution we need, but it will absolutely be one of them, especially for hard-to-abate sectors like aviation, shipping, and heavy industry,” he said. “These are areas where electrification is either technically complex or economically unviable in the short term, and where drop-in CCU fuels can offer a more realistic alternative to fossil-based options.”

EU legislation shapes the future of CCU deployment

As part of the European Green Deal, the European Union has committed to ambitious climate targets, including significant cuts in emissions by 2050. Reaching these goals requires innovative energy and emissions management solutions, particularly in industrial sectors where systemic change, advanced technologies, and new economic models are essential.

Recent legislative initiatives have laid the groundwork for this transition, setting CO₂ reduction targets and creating incentives for low-carbon technologies. The regulatory framework now a􀆯ects the full CCU value chain, from emitters and transporters to converters and end-users of CO₂-derived products. This broad policy support helps ensure that advanced solutions such as those developed within ECO2Fuel can move from lab to market and become a cornerstone of Europe’s industrial decarbonisation strategy.

National-level action and consumer awareness

While EU legislation sets overarching targets, national governments play a crucial role in implementation. Countries must develop action plans, support research, and establish incentives for CCU projects and sustainable alternatives. Public procurement rules at the national level can also encourage the uptake of sustainable building materials produced via mineralisation, making the sustainable choice the easier option for companies and consumers.

CCU technologies are fundamental for Europe’s transition to a low-carbon economy, particularly in sectors where alternatives are limited. The coming years will be decisive in advancing industrial adoption and consumer acceptance of these technologies. CCU has the potential to become a key pillar of Europe’s sustainable future, supporting climate goals, economic innovation, and energy independence.

To explore these topics in more depth, Tudy Bernier from CO₂ Value Europe joined ECO2Fuel for a conversation on the podcast ECO2Fuel Perspectives, where he shared insights on policy developments, industrial needs, and the role of CCU technologies in the EU’s green transition. The full episode is available on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, and YouTube.

CO2 electrolyser stack characteristics

Rectangular shape with crossflow design for extra degree freedom
Possibility for direct water injection
Suitable for gas/liquid process
Possibility to use very thin active components such as electrodes and membranes
Fir for higher pressures (up to 45barg)
New flow field design suitable for stamping/hydroforming

The world is grappling with the challenge of climate change, and one of the proposed solutions is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). This technology is not without its controversies and challenges, and it is the focus of an extensive study conducted by NABU, a German environmental organization.

Understanding Carbon Capture and Storage

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a technology designed to reduce carbon emissions and tackle global warming. It involves three primary steps: capturing CO2, transporting it, and storing it deep underground in geological formations. The process begins with the separation of CO2 from other gases produced in industrial processes such as power generation or steel production. The compressed CO2 is then transported via pipelines, road transport, or ships for storage. Storage sites include saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas reservoirs that are typically at least 0.62 miles under the ground.

The NABU Study on CCS

NABU’s study on CCS is a comprehensive exploration of this technology, its potential, and its pitfalls. The study is not an opinion piece but a thorough examination based on scientific research and data. It delves into the various components of CCS, the extensive factors that influence its effectiveness, and the controversial aspects that make it a topic of heated debate.

The Controversial Aspects of CCS

CCS is not without its controversies. Critics argue that it is a license to pollute, allowing industries to continue their emissions-intensive operations under the guise of carbon capture. There are also concerns about the safety of storing vast amounts of carbon underground. Despite these controversies, the industry body, the Global CCS Institute, maintains that CCS has been in safe operation for over 45 years.

The Future of CCS

Despite the controversies, CCS is being adopted on a large scale worldwide. According to the Global CCS Institute’s report, there were 194 large-scale CCS facilities globally at the end of 2022 compared to 51 in 2019. Of these projects, 30 are operational, 11 are under construction, and the remainder are in different stages of development.

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)

An extension of CCS is Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS), where captured carbon could be used instead of stored for industrial purposes. This approach has the potential to create new markets and make carbon capture more economically viable.

Conclusion

The study by NABU provides a comprehensive overview of Carbon Capture and Storage, its potential, and its controversies. It is a valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding this complex technology and its role in combating climate change.

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